Gait pathology

1. What is the cause of foot slap?
2. What is the cause of genu recurvatum?
3. What is the cause of excessive trunk extension?
4. What is the cause of excessive knee flexion?
5. What is the cause of pelvic drop?
6. What is the cause of a waddling gait?
7. What is the cause of excessive foot pronation?
8. What is the cause of steppage gait?
9. What is the cause of hip circumduction?
10. What is the cause of hip hike?

Answers:
1. Moderately weak ankle dorsiflexors.
2. Weak, short or spastic quads, hamstring weakness, Achilles contracture, PF spasticity.
3. Weak hip extensors or flexors, hip pain, decreased knee ROM.
4. Hamstring contracture, increased ankle DF, weak PF, long limb, hip flexion contracture.
5. Contralateral gluteus medius weakness.
6. Bilateral GM weakness.
7. Compensationed forefoot or rearfoot varus deformity, uncompensated valgus deformity, pes planus, decreased ankle DF, increased tibial varum, long limb, uncompensated internal rotation of tibia or femur, weak tibialis posterior.
8. Severely weak DF, equinus deformity, PF spasticity.
9. Long limb, abductor muscle shortening or overuse.
10. Long limb, weak hamstring, quad lumborum shortening.