Energy expenditure in gait

1. What type of amputation has the greatest increase in metabolic cost for ambulation? Least increase?
*2. What is the increase in energy expenditure for wheelchair propulsion?
3. Which requires more energy: prosthesis or crutch walking?
*4. What muscles need to be strengthened for crutch walking?

Answers:
1. Greatest increase: vascular transfemoral (100%), least increase: Syme's (15%).
2. 9%.
3. Crutch.
4. Latissimus dorsi, triceps, biceps, quads, hip extensors, hip abductors.