Congenital torticollis

*1. What is congenital torticollis and what is the most common cause?
2. What does X-ray show in torticollis?
3. What is the treatment?

Answers:
1. Head is tilted laterally toward one shoulder with chin rotated away. Most common cause is fibrosis of the SCM, possibly due to birth trauma and ischemia. Other causes include hemivertebra or atlantoaxial rotary subluxation.
2. Rotation of C1-C2.
3. Stretching exercises. If cervical ROM is regained by one year, facial asymmetry will resolve. If torticollis is persistent or there is a hemivertebra, surgery is needed.